Illustrated TCP/IP Illustrated TCP/IP
by Matthew G. Naugle
Wiley Computer Publishing, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ISBN: 0471196568   Pub Date: 11/01/98  

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Index

A
ABR. See Area Border Router.
Absolute name, 329
Account management, 476
ACK, 248, 285, 290–293, 295–299, 402
Acknowledgement, 290–291, 295
example, 292–293
field, 285
number, 284
Adaptive retransmission algorithm, 295
Address
aggregation, 113, 114
allocation, 96–97
assignation. See Interface.
autoconfiguration, 235
definitions, 113–114
efficiency, 115–116
fields, 84
format, 368
problems, 108–110
records, 338–339
resolution, 235, 238–239
schemes, 67
terms, 113–114
Address assignment, 95, 97, 105, 123. See also Internet Assigned Numbers Authority; Internet Service Provider addresses.
relaxation, 123–124
Address family identifier (AFI), 169
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), 39, 46, 100–101, 106, 107, 146, 147, 236, 237, 438, 439. See also Proxy ARP; Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
cache, 263
operation, 102–104
packet format, 101–102
protocol. See AppleTalk.
reply packet, 103
rules, 104–105
table, 104, 146, 204
Address Unreachable, 257
Addressable stations, 144
Addressing, 50, 51
type review, 363–364
Adjacency, 189–190
Adjacent routers, 189
Admission control, 459
Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA), 11, 12
AFI. See Address family identifier.
Agents, 477
All Subnets Broadcast (ASB), 140
AND operation, 86
ANDing, 81, 86
Anycast, 220
addressing, 249
API, 358, 456
APNIC, 28, 96, 226, 230, 342
APOP, 352
AppleTalk, 8, 101, 157, 158, 165
ARP protocol, 101
AppleTalk Remote Access (ARA), 8
Application-specific message, 315
ARA. See AppleTalk Remote Access.
Area Border Router (ABR), 181, 182, 184, 192–196, 411, 422–425
Area ID, 191
ARP. See Address Resolution Protocol.
ARPA. See Advanced Research Project Agency.
ARPAnet, 8, 11, 14, 24, 100, 111, 154, 175, 325
Networking Group, 12
routing tables, 80
AS. See Autonomous System.
ASB. See All Subnets Broadcast.
ASBR. See Autonomous System Boundary Router.
ASCII, 31, 323, 350
Assigned port numbers, 278, 279
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), 27, 38, 144, 180, 186, 234, 359, 456–459, 462, 475
ATM. See Asynchronous Transfer Mode.
Authentication, 167, 169, 174, 209, 217
type, 169
Autoconfiguration, 231–232. See also Stateful autoconfiguration; Stateless autoconfiguration.
Automatic tunneling, 240
Autonomous System (AS), 42, 45, 111, 140, 179, 181, 195–197, 411, 412, 426
External Link Advertisement, 184, 198
information, 197
Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR), 181, 197, 412, 425
Summary Link Advertisement, 184
Auto-readdressing, 252
B
B bit. See Broadcast.
Backbone, 14, 15, 193, 194, 195. See also FDDI.
area, 193
communication, 20
connectivity, 195
network, 13
provider, 124
Backbone Router (BR), 181, 422
Backup Designated Router (BDR), 179, 182, 187–189
role, 417
Banyan. See VINES.
BDR. See Backup Designated Router.
Because It’s Time Network (BITNET), 12, 13, 349
Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND), 344
Best-effort delivery service. See Connectionless best-effort delivery service.
Best-effort reliability, 364
BGP. See Border Gateway Protocol.
BIND. See Berkeley Internet Name Domain.
BITNET. See Because It’s Time Network.
Boot Protocol (BOOTP), 39, 49, 105, 106, 172, 429, 430, 437
dilemma, 438–439
field definitions, 434, 437
gateway, 439–440
operation, 431
relay agents, 439–441, 445, 451
BOOTP. See Boot Protocol.
BOOTREPLY, 431, 434, 438, 439
BOOTREQUEST, 431–436, 438
Bootstrap router (BSR), 409
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), 42, 145, 171, 197
Border routers, 399
BR. See Backbone Router.
Broadcast, 364
addresses, 174
bit (B bit), 451
packet, 76
Broadcasting, 75
BSR. See Bootstrap router.
Business networks, 127
Bye message, 314
C
Cache. See Forwarding cache.
entries. See Internet Protocol IPv6.
CAD/CAM systems, 316
California Educational Research Network (CERFnet), 13
Call Admission Control, 462
Candidate RP (C-RP), 409
Canonical name (CNAME), 313, 339
CATNIP, 211
CBT. See Core-Based Tree.
CERFnet. See California Educational Research Network.
Checksum, 214, 285
fields, 61–62
CIDR. See Classless Inter-Domain Routing.
Circuit switching, 27–28. See also Virtual circuit switching.
CIX. See Commercial Internet eXchange.
Class A, 132
example, 126
networks, 131
subnetting example, 81–82
Class A address, 67–72, 75, 79–81, 87, 94, 95, 108, 109, 133
format, 368
review, 77–78
Class addresses/addressing, 138, 139, 222
Class B, 132
exhaustion, 110
network, 85, 131
prefix, 135
subnetting example, 81–82
Class B address, 41, 67–70, 72–73, 79–83, 87, 94, 102, 108, 109, 117, 133
format, 368
review, 77–78
Class C, 132, 135, 136
assignment, 124
network, 93, 111, 131
subnetting example, 81–82
Class C address, 67–70, 74–75, 79–81, 87, 88, 93, 94, 108, 109, 115, 121, 123–125, 131, 133, 135, 137, 343
format, 368
review, 77–78
Class D address, 68–70, 75–76, 367, 369, 418
review, 77–78
Class D addressing, 250
Class E address, 68–70, 95
Class identification, 69–70
Classful addresses, 115
Classful addressing, 67
Classful IP address review, 94
Classful network addressing scheme, 66
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), 66, 109, 110, 113–115, 130–132, 223, 230, 251
router domain, 140
VLSM, comparison, 138–139
Classless IP, 67
addressing, 113
Classless network addressing scheme, 66
Client side, 435–436
CLNP. See Connectionless Protocol.
Closed system, 11
CME. See Customer premise equipment.
CNAME. See Canonical name.
CNRI. See Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX), 14
Common prefix, determination, 127–128
Communication with Destination, 257
Compatibility switch, 167
Computer Science Network (CSNET), 12, 13
Concatenated headers, 215
Concentric Networks, 226
Configuration management, 474
Configured tunneling, 240
Congestion avoidance, 296–298
Congestion control, 298
Connectionless best-effort delivery service, 50–51
Connectionless Protocol (CLNP), 210, 233
Connectionless transport-layer service, 48
Control bits, 284
Convergence, 163
Conversion, example, 86–87
Converted IP multicast address, 371
Core-Based Tree (CBT), 378, 386–387, 410
files, 362
Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), 23
CRC. See Cyclic Redundancy Check.
C-RP. See Candidate RP.
CSNET. See Computer Science Network.
CSRC, 313
Cumulative ACK, 291
Customer premise equipment (CME), 359
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), 61, 62, 147, 148, 204
D
DARPA. See Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
Data encapsulation. See Layers.
Data offset, 284
Data Service Unit/Customer Service Unit (DSU/CSU), 202, 203
Data transfer, 50, 219, 285
Database
description packet, 189
files, 332, 336
maintenance, 190–191
Datagrams, 52, 56, 58, 59, 63, 126, 150, 175, 218, 249, 274, 279, 368, 381. See also Internet Protocol.
fragmentation, 50
receiving. See Multicast.
Datalink layer, 52
DBR, 188
DDN. See Defense Data Network.
Dead Gateway Detection, 236
DECnet, 6, 7
Default gateways, 158–159
Default routers, 158–159, 235
Defense Data Network (DDN), 12
Demultiplexing, 277
Dense Mode, 378, 398. See also Protocol-Independent Multicast Dense Mode.
Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 9–12, 14, 22
Internet, 12
Designated Router (DR), 181, 182, 184, 187–189, 403–407. See also Backup designated router.
role, 417
Destination Address, 103, 261, 463, 469. See Address Resolution Protocol.
fields, 64–65
Destination cache, 254
Destination multicast group, 421
Destination options, 216
Destination port, 284, 463, 469
number, 278
Destination Unreachable Type, 356
DHCP. See Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
Diagram routing, 203–204
Dial-in users, 25
Direct routing, 145–146
Directed broadcast, 95
Diskless workstations, 105
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP), 213, 366, 377, 378, 382–384, 387–389, 398, 399, 412, 419, 425, 427
route tables, 394–395
tables, 393–394
tunneling, 396
Distance vectors, 149–151
Distance-vector algorithms, 154
Distinct reservations, 464
DMVRP, 359
DNS. See Domain Name Service.
Domain Name Service (DNS), 39, 49, 221, 277, 316–318, 325–326, 339, 340, 345, 346
components, 328–329
database, example, 335
information, 344
interaction. See Mail.
Microsystems, 2
structure, 327–328
topology, 353
Domain structure, 330–331
DOS, 17, 64, 156, 317, 319, 320, 323, 327, 337
Dotted decimal notation system, 67
Dotted-decimal notation, 221
Downstream interfaces/neighbors, 421
DR. See Designated Router.
Draft RFCs, 377, 387
DRARP. See Dynamic Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
DSU/CSU. See Data Service Unit/Customer Service Unit.
Dual IP layer/stack, 239, 242
Dual stack IP, 240, 241
Dual-stack strategy. See Internet Protocol IPv4; Internet Protocol IPv6.
Duplicate Address Detection, 235
DVMRP. See Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol.
Dykstra, 185, 196
algorithm, 45, 188, 190, 419, 420
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), 39, 49, 105, 106, 145, 172, 208, 231, 249, 344, 429, 439–443, 450, 451
messages, 444
operation, 445–446
responses, 446–447
servers, 251, 452
shortcuts, 449
Dynamic port numbers, 278–281
Dynamic Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (DRARP), 440
Dynamic routing, comparison. See Static routing.
E
ECHO, 446, 450
Echo Reply/Request, 260
Efficiencies, 451–452
EGP. See Exterior Gateway Protocol.
Embedded IPv4 addresses. See Internet Protocol IPv6.
Encapsulating Security Payload, 217
Endstation, 107, 145
End-to-end error checking, 48
Error-detection algorithms, 282
Error-detection number, 285
ES-IS procedures, 233
Ethernet, 7, 12, 38, 52, 56, 66, 100, 101, 180, 202, 214, 230, 369, 456, 457, 459
address, mapping, 369–370
mapping, 76
multicast address, 172
packet headers, 57
packets, 104, 212
Type field, 101
EtherType, 104, 105
field, 212, 243
Extension header, 213
Extensions/options, support, 209
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP), 41–42, 145, 153, 177, 483
Extranets, 20–21
F
Fault management, 476
FDDI, 7, 38, 52, 100, 180, 214, 457
backbone, 218
network, 57
station, 57
FDDI-to-Token-Ring topologies, 257
Federal Network Council (FNC), 141
File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 4, 30, 39, 49, 56, 103, 141, 279, 286, 316, 317, 320–321, 324, 327
commands, 322
data transfer, 323
Filter spec, 463
Firewalls, 21
Fixed filter, 465–466
Flag bits, 250
Floating static route, 200
Flooding, 45, 180, 378, 380–381
Flow control, 285, 294
Flow label, 219
Flow labeling capability, 209
Flowspec, 463, 467
merging, 468–469
FNC. See Federal Network Council.
Forwarding cache, 415, 420–421
Forwarding table, 393, 394
Fragmentation, 51, 57–60, 212, 217–218. See also Datagrams.
Frame Relay, 52, 180, 234
specification, 31
switches, 359
FTP. See File Transfer Protocol.
Full duplex, 283
Full-duplex connection, 299
G
Gateway to Gateway Protocol (GGP), 154
Gateways. See Boot Protocol; Default gateways.
Generic packet format, 186–187
GGP. See Gateway to Gateway Protocol.
Global addressing, 4
Global routing tables, 111, 115, 125
Grafting, definition, 383–384
Group
host, sending, 406–407
joining, 405–406
Membership messages, 262
Group-address, 367
Group-Membership LSA, 415–416, 418
Group-specific queries, 376
H
Handling errors, 468
Header format simplification, 209
Header length, 55–56
Hello protocol, 187–188
Hold-down timer, 161, 165
Hop count, 160, 162, 238, 445
Hop limit, 215, 237
Hop-by-Hop options, 216
Hop-count distance, 162
Hop-count entry, 152
Host addresses, 77, 78, 120
Host bits, 81
Host file, 64
Host ID, 73, 82, 83, 86, 87, 90, 92, 93
Host mobility, 252
Host number, 82
Host to Host, 241
Host to Router, 241
HostJoin, 376–377
I
IAB. See Internet Activities Board.
IANA. See Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.
ICB. See International Cooperation Board.
ICCB. See Internet Configuration Control Board.
ICMP. See Internet Control Message Protocol.
ICMPv4. See Internet Control Message Protocol ICMPv4.
ICMPv6. See Internet Control Message Protocol ICMPv6.
IDRP, 251
I-Ds. See Internet Drafts.
IEEE 802 networks, 212, 230
IEEE 802.X MAC address, mapping, 369–370
IESG. See Internet Engineering Steering Group.
IETF. See Internet Engineering Task Force.
IGMP. See Internet Group Management Protocol.
IGP. See Interior Gateway Protocol.
IMP. See Interface Message Processor; Internet Message Processor.
Inclusive ACK, 291
Indirect routing, 147–148
Infinity timer value, 264
Information Sciences Institute (ISI), 141
In-line router, 116
In-sequence packets, 315
Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN), 202
Inter-Area MOSPF routing, 422–423
Inter-Area Multicast
example, 423–424
forwarders, 422–424
Inter-area routing, 183, 196
Inter-Area Shortest-Path Tree, 425
Interarrival Jitter, 311
Inter-AS multicast forwarder, 412, 426
Inter-AS routing, 183
Inter-Autonomous System Multicast, 426
Interdomain Routing Protocol, 210
Interface addition, 402
Interface address assignation, 93
Interface ID, 226, 231
Interface Message Processor (IMP), 12, 13, 100, 472
Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), 40–42, 44, 145, 150, 171, 177, 179
Internal Router (IR), 181
International Cooperation Board (ICB), 22
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 38, 210
Internet, 11, 20–21, 25, 472
governing body, 21–24
routing, 132
routing tables, 85, 130, 138
timeline, 26
timestamp, 214
Internet Activities Board (IAB), 21–23, 154
Internet Architecture Board, 23
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), 15, 21, 96, 124, 135, 138, 141, 225, 230, 250, 327, 368, 369
address block assignments, 142–144
IANA-assigned RFC numbers, 139
Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB), 22
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), 39, 46, 58, 60, 158, 159, 215, 237, 254–255, 271–272, 365, 440, 446, 450, 457, 468, 479
datagram, 271
functions, 274–275
header, 260, 262
informational messages, 260
message, 234
neighbor discovery, 261
PING, 272–273
Redirect, 233, 236, 265
Router Discovery, 233, 236
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)ICMPv4, 256
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) ICMPv6, 256
encapsulation, 255
error messages, 257–259
multicast, 262–263
Internet Drafts (I-Ds), 31
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), 23, 31, 141
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 22–24, 31, 32, 301
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), 39, 46, 173, 250, 256, 262, 359, 372, 384, 389, 401, 402, 417, 418, 427, 468, 469
header, 373–374
IGMPv2, 376, 377, 403, 406
router functions, 375–376
Internet Message Processor (IMP), 44
Internet Official Protocol Standards (STD 1), 34
Internet Protocol (IP), 12, 50, 141, 165, 206, 215, 290, 421. See also Classless IP; Native IP; Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
addressed networks, 40
addressing, 208
alternatives, 457
data field, 61
datagram, 57, 58, 103, 121, 366
header, 53, 55, 104, 147, 204, 388, 396, 400
IP-address-to-client-hardware address, 447
IP-address-to-physical-station-address, 100
IP-in-IP encapsulation, 396, 397, 412
IP-in-IP packet format, 397
IP-related protocols, 46–47
IP-to-physical-address mapping, 146
layer, 51, 52, 58, 68, 148, 203, 211, 269, 301
multicasting, 213, 378
network, 64
options fields, 63–64
overview, 40–41
packet, 212
parameters, 49
service interface, extensions, 365–366
source address, 445
version numbers, 211
video servers, 300
Internet Protocol Address Encapsulation (IPAE), 211
Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, 17, 43, 68–70, 80, 85, 92, 102, 103, 106, 108, 113, 115, 116, 126, 130, 132, 146, 157, 170, 191, 204, 235, 238, 242, 265, 266, 305, 318, 331, 333, 335, 375, 403, 405, 419, 431, 436, 441, 443, 446, 448, 450, 452, 459, 460, 463. See also Class-oriented IP addresses; Local loopback IP address.
allocation, 443
assignment (old method), 111–113
assignments, 192
format, 68–69
management, 49
releasing, 448
restrictions, 95
review, 110. See also Classful IP address review.
scheme, 66
Internet Protocol (IP) IPv4, 6, 39, 41, 57, 63, 66, 69, 108, 206–211, 220–223, 227–230, 253, 389, 457, 458
address space, life extension, 110
dual-stack strategy, 243
embedded addresses. See Internet Protocol IPv6.
header, 53–54, 242
IPv6 header differences, 214–215
neighbor discovery, 236–237
options, review, 213–214
routers, 139, 244
tunneling, 240
Internet Protocol (IP) IPv6, 6, 39, 41, 63, 65, 69, 77, 206–211, 253, 457
address, embedded IPv4 addresses, 228–229
algorithm, 265–266
cache entries, 263–264
datagram, 242
deployment methods, 239–240
dual-stack strategy, 243
extension headers, 216–217
features, 209–210
multicasting, 250–251
RFCs, 266–267
routers, 244
routing, 251–252
tunnel addressing, 242
Internet Protocol (IP) IPv6 addressing, 220–223. See also Local-use IPv6 addressing; Provider-based IPv6 addressing.
prefix, 224
structure, 229
Internet Protocol (IP) IPv6 header, 212–213
differences. See Internet Protocol IPv4.
Internet Protocol (IP) IPv6 tunneling, 240, 241, 244–248
Internet Protocol (IP) Multicast, 68, 302, 355–357
address, 361, 369. See also Converted IP multicast address.
caveats, 359
comparison. See Unicast.
components, 357–358
forwarding, 380
Internet Protocol (IP) routing, 144–145
algorithms, 148
tables, 153
Internet Registry (IR), 75, 96–97, 115, 138. See also Local IRs; Regional IRs.
Internet Research Group, 22
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), 23
Internet Service Provider (ISP), 16–18, 21, 25, 42, 66, 67, 72, 75, 96, 97, 115, 116, 121–125, 127, 130, 133, 135, 137–139, 226, 350, 353, 475
Internet Service Provider (ISP) addresses, 135–136
assignment, 121–122
example, 137–138
Internet Society (ISOC), 23, 24, 141
Internet Stream Protocol (ST2), 207, 301
InterNIC, 28, 135, 226, 230, 327, 342
database, 326
Intra-area routing, 183, 411
Intranets, 20–21
IntraNetWare, 4
I/O connections, 215
IP. See Internet Protocol.
IPAE. See Internet Protocol Address Encapsulation.
IPX, 6, 146, 157, 158, 165
protocol, 5
IR. See Internal Router; Internet Registry.
IRTF. See Internet Research Task Force.
ISDN. See Integrated Service Digital Network.
ISI. See Information Sciences Institute.
ISIS, 251
ISO. See International Organization for Standardization.
ISOC. See Internet Society.
ISP. See Internet Service Provider.
Iterative queries, 334
J
Java, 18
JoinHostGroup, 367
JoinLocalGroup, 370
Jumbo datagrams (jumbograms), 215
K
Kerberos, 352
L
LAN. See Local Area Network.
LAN-to-LAN connectivity, 27
LAN-to-WAN connectivity, 27
Large-scale networks, 161
LAT. See Local Area Transport.
Layers, data encapsulation, 52–53
Leaf interface, 379
Leaf network detection, 401
Lease duration, 450–451
Leased lines, 203
Leased-line users, 25
LeaveHostGroup, 367
LeaveLocalGroup, 370
Leaves, 379
Length fields. See Total length fields.
Link local, 227
Link State Advertisement (LSA), 179, 182, 184, 189, 190, 194, 417–419, 421–423, 427. See also Group Membership LSA.
database, 185, 191
packets, 184
Link-layer addresses, 234, 237
Link-layer broadcast address, 258
Link-layer multicast, 258
Link-level address change, 261
Link-Local All-Nodes multicast address, 262
Link-state database, 45, 419, 424
Link-state protocol, 45
Link-state routing, 382
algorithm, 191
Local Area Network (LAN), 7, 12, 47, 71, 90, 100, 101, 105, 106, 111, 146, 171, 188, 203, 230, 282, 283, 297, 325, 359, 398, 412, 456
infrastructure, 357
interconnect, 202
interface, 400, 401
physical-address-to-IP address table, 102
protocol, 38, 291
traffic, 148
Local Area Transport (LAT), 6–7, 146
Local IRs, 96
Local loopback IP address, 94
Local-group database, 415–416, 418
Local-use IPv6 addressing, 227–228
Logical addresses, 84
Longest match rule, 120–121
Loopback, 72
Loop-back function, 95
Loose source route (LSR), 63
Loose source routing, 213
LSA. See Link State Advertisement.
LSR. See Loose source route.
M
MAC. See Media Access Control.
Mail, DNS interaction, 349
Mail exchange (MX) records, 340–341, 349
Management applications, 478
Management Information Base (MIB), 477, 479, 480
entry, example, 481
Management server/clients, 477
Mask yields, 117
Masks, 82, 87, 116–118
Match rule. See Longest match rule.
Maximum Segment Size (MSS), 285, 290
Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU), 57, 216, 217, 235, 236, 253, 254, 257
discovery. See Path MTU discovery.
MBONE, 316, 428
Media Access Control (MAC), 174
addresses, 76, 100, 102, 105, 172, 204, 227, 230, 238, 370–372, 446. See also IEEE 082.X MAC address.
header, 452
multicast address, 234, 238
Media Access Control (MAC) layer, 76, 203
interfaces, 372
Media address, 234
MERIT Network, 14
Message types, 184–185
Metrics, 150, 157, 185–186, 197
MIB. See Management Information Base.
Microsegmenting, 111
Microsubnetting, 111
Military network (MILNET), 12
MILNET. See Military network.
MIME. See Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions.
Mixers, 304
Mobility agent, 239
MOSPF. See Multicast Open Shortest Path First.
MPEG, 306
MSS. See Maximum Segment Size.
MTU. See Maximum Transmission Unit.
Multiaccess networks, 188
Multi-area OSPF topology, 414
Multicast, 167, 220, 364, 460, 463. See also Inter-Area Multicast; Inter-Autonomous System Multicast; Internet Control Message Protocol ICMPv6; Internet Protocol Multicast; Protocol-Independent Multicast.
addresses, 74, 76, 250, 263. See also Converted IP Multicast address.
algorithms, 378
application, 140
comparison. See Unicast.
membership reporting, 255
packets, 373
support, 172–173
tree types, PIM-SM usage, 404–405
Multicast datagrams, 365, 381, 387, 394, 396, 419
receiving, 367
Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF), 359, 378, 398, 411–412, 415, 417, 423
caveats, 414
differences, 412–413
routing. See Inter-Area MOSPF routing.
Multicasting, 357. See also Internet Protocol IPv6; Reverse Path Multicasting.
type, 362–363
Multimedia, 300
Multinetting, 93
Multiple-packet windowing, 324
Multiplexing, 277, 285
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME), 346
Multisubnet broadcasts, 139
MX. See Mail exchange.
N
Name servers, 326, 329, 332–333
database, manipulation, 341–342
records, 337
Name-to-address translation, 328
Name-to-IP-address mapping, 338
Name-to-network address translation service, 49
NAPs. See Network Access Points.
NAT. See Network Address Translation.
National Science Foundation (NSF), 13, 15
Native IP, 4
Natural mask, 80, 126, 171
NBMA. See Non-Broadcast Multiaccess.
NCP. See NetWare Core Protocol.; Network Control Program.
NCSA. See U.S. National Center for Supercomputer Applications.
Neighbor Advertisement, 238, 261
Neighbor cache, 264
Neighbor Discovery, 233–234, 390. See also Internet Control Message Protocol; Internet Protocol IPv4.
process, 263
types, 235
Neighbor Solicitation, 238, 261
Neighbor Unreachability Detection, 234–236, 239
Neighbor Unreachability protocol, 264
NetBIOS, 4, 146
Netscape Navigator, 2, 16
NetWare Core Protocol (NCP), 282, 324
NetWare (Novell), 2, 3, 5–7, 146, 157, 250, 282, 291
interface, 5
workstations, 4
Network Access Points (NAPs), 15, 125
Network Address Translation (NAT), 95, 228
Network addresses, 82, 86, 91, 93
Network Control Program (NCP), 11
Network File System (NFS), 320, 432
Network ID, 69, 81, 91, 107, 109, 114, 119, 120, 153, 163, 164, 170, 175
Network Links Advertisement, 184
Network mask, 80
Network number, 72–74, 146, 148, 153
Network prefix, 78
Network protocols, 52
Network Time Protocol (NTP), 279, 310
Network Working Group, 33
Network-layer software, 282
New York State Educational Research Network (NYSERnet), 13
Next-Hop determination, 234, 235
Next-hop fields, 171–172
Next-Hop Gateways, 393
Next-hop neighbor, 265
NFS. See Network File System.
NIC, 74, 76, 173, 234, 326, 357, 369, 370, 372. See also InterNIC.
software, 243
No Route to Destination, 257
Non-Broadcast Multiaccess (NBMA), 180, 234
Noncontiguous bit pattern, 129
Non-IPv6 machines, 236
Non-real time data, 300
transmission, 362
Not a Neighbor, 257
NSF. See National Science Foundation.
NSFnet, 13–16, 22
NTP. See Network Time Protocol.
NYSERnet. See New York State Educational Research Network.
O
Off-link senders, 237
Offset, 58–59
One Pass with Advertising (OPWA), 461
On-link destination, 235, 237
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), 39, 43–45, 61, 90–92, 109, 113, 114, 118, 120, 145, 146, 153, 167, 169, 171, 175–176, 185, 199, 201, 203, 251, 252, 372, 378, 382, 414, 415, 419, 427
areas, 191–192
autonomous system, 191
domain, 197, 198
media support, 180–181
network, 176–177, 183, 192
overview, 179–180
packets, 186
routers, 184, 187, 188
routes, 190
routing protocol, 56
routing updates, 68
topology, 192, 411, 421. See also Multi-area OPSF topology.
Operation, 419–420. See also Resource Reservation Protocol.
Operational tables, 453–454
Options, 55
OPWA. See One Pass with Advertising.
Originator, 64
OSI, 228
OSI model, 38, 40
OSI suite, 233
OSPF. See Open Shortest Path First.
P
Packet classifier, 461
Packet Internet Groper (PING), 272. See also Internet Control Message Protocol.
Packet Radio, 24
Packet Satellite, 24
research, 22
Packet scheduler, 461
Packet type, 312
Packets, 144, 151, 162, 168, 314
switching, 27–28
Parameter discovery, 235
Parent link, 382
Path messages, 460–461
Path MTU (PMTU), 239, 264
discovery, 217, 218, 258
PathTear, 467
Payload type, 308
PCM. See Pulse Code Modulation.
Peering, 25
Peer-to-peer, 8
Physical addresses, 84, 100
Physical-address-to-IP-address table. See Local Area Network.
PIM. See Protocol Independent Multicast.
PIM-DN. See Protocol-Independent Multicast Dense Mode.
PIM-SM. See Protocol-Independent Multicast Sparse Mode.
PING, 46, 260. See also Internet Control Message Protocol.
datagram, 272
request, 272, 273
PMTU. See Path MTU.
Points of Presence (POPs), 16, 25
Point-to-point connection, 181
Point-to-point link, 92, 171, 180, 189, 412
Point-to-point serial lines, 202
Poison reverse, 165, 395
Poisoned reverse, 161, 167
POP. See Post Office Protocol.
POPs. See Points of Presence.
Port, 153, 163
Port numbers, 277, 278, 280. See also Assigned port numbers; Dynamic port numbers; Registered port numbers.
Port Unreachable, 257, 277
Post Office Protocol (POP), 49, 318, 319, 345, 348, 350–351
operation, 351–352
POP3, 351, 352
topology, 353
Precedence, 55, 285
Prefix List, 265
cache, 264, 265
Prefixes, 116–117. See also Class B; Internet Protocol IPv6 tunneling; Network prefix.
assignments, 133–134
determination. See Common prefix.
discovery, 235
length, 130
Primary masters, 332
Privacy capabilities, 209
Private internet, 20
Probe packet, 390
Process-to-process communications, 11
Proprietary system, 11
Protocol and Header Checksum, 212
Protocol fields, 61–62
Protocol ID, 463, 469
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM), 359, 398, 426, 427
Protocol suite, 39, 50, 99, 214, 277
Protocol-Independent Multicast Dense Mode (PIM-DM), 398, 399
operation, 400–401
protocols, comparison. See Protocol-Independent Multicast Sparse Mode.
Protocol-Independent Multicast Sparse Mode (PIM-SM), 378, 387, 403, 406, 408, 409
protocols, PIM-DM protocol comparison, 410
usage. See Multicast.
Protocols, 372–373
Provider ID, 230
Provider selection, 251
Provider-based IPv6 addressing, 226
Provider-oriented unicast address, 226
Proxy ARP, 82, 107–108
Pruning, definition, 383–384
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), 306
Push/Pull technology, 356
Q
Quality of Service (QoS), 27, 28, 46, 315, 456–459, 461, 463, 474, 475
Query function types, 334
R
RARP. See Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP), 39, 47, 48, 300–302, 309, 310, 357
protocol, 315
Real Time Protocol (RTP), 39, 47, 48, 300–302, 357, 458
caveats, 315
control, providing, 309
message format, 305–306
protocol, 303, 304
Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), 357, 458
Real-time data, 300
transmission, 362
Real-time streaming, 301
Real-time transfers, 363
Real-time transport, 207
Receiver reports, 312
Receiver SMTP, 346
Record route, 214
Recursive queries, 334
Redirects, 234, 235, 237, 261, 264
Regional IRs, 96
Registered port numbers, 278, 279
Remote networks, 202–203
Rendevous point (RP), 399, 403–407, 409. See also Candidate RP.
Request for Comments (RFCs), 28–31, 53, 57, 66, 67, 78, 80, 82, 95, 96, 101, 109–111, 113, 115, 116, 123, 132, 139–141, 154, 169, 172, 174–176, 186, 197, 199, 211, 215, 217–219, 226, 228, 233–236, 253, 254, 265–267, 274, 277–279, 301, 316, 317, 325, 326, 345, 348, 350, 351, 364, 369, 372, 396, 411, 428, 430, 441, 442, 444, 450, 451, 455, 457, 479. See also Draft RFCs; Internet Protocol IPv6.
announcements, 32
Editor, 31
numbers. See Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.
requirements, 37
review, 428, 455
study, 30
submission, 31–32
updates, 32
Request for Comments (RFCs) format, 33–34
requirements, 35–36
Reservations, 459
disabling, 467
style. See Resource Reservation Protocol.
Resolvers, 329
Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP), 39, 46, 48, 172, 301, 357, 363, 429, 456–459, 468
alternatives, 457
control, 465–466
example, 469–471
issues, 472
operation, 459–460
requests, 463–464
Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) (Continued)
routers, 461–462
style, 464–465
summary, 473–474
usage, location, 458
ResvTear, 467
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP), 105–107. See also Dynamic Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
Reverse Path Broadcasting, 378
Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF), 381–382, 400, 405, 412, 425
Reverse Path Multicasting (RPM), 378, 384–385, 387, 399
RFCs. See Request for Comments.
RIP. See Routing Information Protocol.
RIPE, 28, 96, 226, 230, 342
RIPng. See Routing Information Protocol.
Root, 379
Routable protocol, 43
Route aggregation, 126–127, 129–130
Route reports, 391, 394
receiving, 392
Route Table Entries (RTE), 253
Route tag, 167, 171–172
Router Advertisement, 237, 261, 264
Router IDs, 252
Router Links Advertisement, 184
Router List cache, 264
Router Solicitation, 261
Router to Host, 241
Router to Router, 241
RouterDeadInterval, 187
Routers, 12, 28, 50, 60, 63, 82, 126, 144, 152, 162–166, 385, 386, 388, 390. See also Default routers; Resource Reservation Protocol.
algorithm, 180
discovery, 235
names, 183
port, 175
types, 181–182
updating, 151, 152
vendors, 106
Routing, 50, 216. See also Internet Protocol routing.
methods, 183
process, flowchart, 148–149
table, 190, 201, 393
update, 164
Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 40, 43–45, 60, 145, 146, 150, 153, 155, 156, 160, 163, 165, 167, 170, 175–179, 201, 251, 252, 381, 391, 394
field descriptions, 157–158
fixes, 165
network, 60
operational types, 155–156
protocol, 150, 158, 172, 200
RIPng, 253
scaling, 161–163
update tables, 278
Routing Information Protocol (RIP1) RIPv1, 90–92, 119, 154–155, 161, 163, 164, 168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 252, 382
protocol, disadvantages, 160–161
RIPv2 compatibility, 173–174
Routing Information Protocol (RIP2) RIPv2, 90–92, 109, 145, 167–169, 171, 173, 174, 203, 252, 372, 382
compatibility. See Routing Information Protocol (RIP) RIPv1.
table, 395
Routing protocols, 40–43, 90, 149–150
comparison, 177–178
RP. See Rendevous point.
RPF. See Reverse Path Forwarding.
RPM. See Reverse Path Multicasting.
RSVP. See Resource Reservation Protocol.
RTCP. See Real Time Control Protocol.
RTE. See Route Table Entries.
RTP. See Real Time Protocol.
RTSP. See Real Time Streaming Protocol.
S
SAP, 212
Secondary masters, 332
Sender reports, 310–311
Sender SMTP, 346
Sequence numbers, 287, 288, 290–291
example, 292–293
Serial line, 171
Server side, 435–436
Service type, 55–56
Shared explicit, 466
Shared reservations, 464
Shared RP-tree, 408
Shared tree, 404
Shareware, 18
Shortest-path source-rooted delivery tree, 394
Shortest-path tree, 404, 414, 415, 419
Simple Internet Protocol Plus (SIPP), 211
Simple Internet Protocol (SIP), 211
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), 39, 49, 103, 316, 317, 320, 340, 341, 345, 350, 351. See also Receiver SMTP; Sender SMTP.
flow, 347–348
functions, 346
topology, 353
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), 39, 172, 429, 476
elements, 477
encapsulation, 484
manager, 478
protocol, 482–483
Simple Spanning Tree, 378
SIP. See Simple Internet Protocol.
SIPP. See Simple Internet Protocol Plus.
Site local, 227, 228
6Bone, 209, 225, 241
Slow start, 296–298
SMDS. See Switched Multimegabit Data Service.
SMTP. See Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
SNA. See System Network Architecture.
SOA. See Start of Authority.
Socket number, 281
Soft state, 460
Solicited-node multicast address, 238
Source description packet, 313
Source fields, 64–65
Source networks, 391, 421
Source port, 278, 284
Source quench, 274
Source routing, 214
Source subnets, 388, 393, 394
Source-Rooted Tree (SRT), 404, 420
conversion, 408
Spanning tree, 378–381
topology, 385
Sparse Mode, 378, 398. See also Protocol-Independent Multicast Sparse Mode.
SPF algorithm, 190, 191
Split horizon, 161, 165, 167
demonstration, 166–167
SRI. See Stanford Research Institute.
SRT. See Source-Rooted Tree.
SSDP, 313
SSR. See Strict source route.
SSRC numbers, 306, 310, 313
ST2. See Internet Stream Protocol.
Start of Authority (SOA) record, 336
Stateful autoconfiguration, 231, 232
Stateless autoconfiguration, 231, 232
Static entries, 200
Static routing, dynamic routing comparison, 200–201
STD 1. See Internet Official Protocol Standards.
Stream, 289
Stream ID, 214
Streams 2 protocol, 53
Strict source route (SSR), 63
Stub areas, 198
Subnet ID, 226, 228, 231
Subnet masking, 167
Subnet masks, 84, 90, 111, 117, 119, 123, 163–164. See also Variable-length subnet masks.
decisions, 91–92
field, 170–171
number, 88
template, 85–86
Subnets, 43, 88, 95, 107, 117–118, 120, 121, 139, 145, 166, 167, 226. See also Source subnets.
bits, 89
number, 82, 86
restrictions, 90–91
special considerations, 139–140
Subnetting, 78–79, 85, 111
examples, 82–83. See also Class A; Class B; Class C.
reasons, 80
Subnetwork, 100
Subscriber ID, 226, 230
Sub-subnets, 120
Summary Links Advertisement, 184
Supernetting, 113–115, 124–125
Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS), 202
System Network Architecture (SNA), 2, 6, 7
architecture, 5
T
T1 lines, 160, 181
TAR command, 17
Target Address, 261
TCP. See Transmission Control Protocol.
TCP and UDP over Bigger Addresses (TUBA), 210
TCP/IP. See Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
Telenet, 49
TELNET, 4, 39, 55, 56, 103, 279, 286, 288, 316–318, 321, 326, 330, 333, 343
options, 319–320
protocol, 49
Termination, 299
TFTP. See Trivial File Transfer Program.
Three-way handshake, 287–288
Throughput, 55
Time Exceeded, 258, 259, 275
Time left to delete, 153
Time to Live (TTL), 60–62, 147, 162, 204, 212, 215, 250, 274, 366, 376, 421, 439
Time-outs, 298, 299
Time-sensitive applications, support, 306–307
Timestamp, 274, 307, 310, 311
TLD. See Top-level domain.
Token Ring, 7, 38, 52, 56, 63, 66, 100, 180, 212, 214, 219, 457
networks, 218, 456
station, 57
Top-level domain (TLD), 124, 330
TOS. See Type of Service.
Total length fields, 55–56
TP/IX, 211
Traceroute, 64
Translators, 303
Transmission control, 294
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 4, 12, 31, 47, 49, 51, 53, 61, 102, 103, 141, 154, 206, 210, 211, 255, 257, 272, 275, 279–283, 294, 295, 301, 305, 318, 372, 376
datagram, 284
details, 282–283
fields, 284–285
flow, 293–295
header, 283, 284, 287, 294
retransmission, 295–296
segment, 289–290
services, 285
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection, 351
establishment, 286–287
path, 57
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), 2, 214
applications, 316–317
implementations, 107
internet support subnet masking, 108
network, 102, 439
origins, 9–16
protocol, 38, 100, 216, 317, 345
protocol documents, 28–29
software stacks, 243
stack, 71
standard applications, 49
station, 86
Transport Control Protocol, 39
Transport Layer Protocols, 47–48
Transport-layer software, 281
Trees. See Inter-Area Shortest-Path Tree.
conversion. See Source-rooted tree.
types. See Multicast.
Triggered updates, 161, 165
Trivial File Transfer Program (TFTP), 39, 277, 278, 280, 316, 317, 320, 324
TTL. See Time to Live.
TUBA. See TCP and UDP over Bigger Addresses.
Tunnel, 388
endpoints, 396
Tunneling, 63, 412. See also Automatic tunneling; Configured tunneling; Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol; Internet Protocol IPv4; Internet Protocol IPv6 tunneling.
Type of Service (TOS), 55, 175, 177, 212, 415, 421, 457, 458
fields, 56
U
UDP. See User Datagram Protocol.
Unicast, 220, 363, 463
addresses, 230–231. See also Provider-oriented unicast address.
IP Multicast comparison, 360–362
table, 395
Unique reservations, 464
Universal Time (UT), 214
Unstructured stream, 289
Upper-layer header, 217
Upper-layer protocols, 239, 276, 367
Upper-layer software, 75, 234
Upstream node, 421
Urgent pointer, 285
U.S. National Center for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA), 16
User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 39, 46–48, 51, 53, 61, 158, 160, 206, 210, 275–276, 277–279, 281, 286, 324, 372, 435, 440, 457
destination port, 437, 438
header, 215, 276, 277, 280
layer, 302
User to User Copy (UUCP), 12, 13, 349
UT. See Universal Time.
UUCP. See User to User Copy.
V
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM), 66, 92, 111, 113–115, 119–120, 124, 164, 175, 252
comparison. See Classless Inter-Domain Routing.
Variable-length masks, 139
Variable-length subnet, 167
VAT. See Visual Audio Tool.
Vector, 149
VERS field, 53, 212
Version number, 54
VINES (Banyan), 6
Virtual circuit switching, 27
Virtual link, 194, 195
Visual Audio Tool (VAT), 305
VLSM. See Variable Length Subnet Masks.
VMS operating system, 8
W
WAN. See Wide Area Network.
Web. See World Wide Web.
Well-known port numbers, 279
WGs. See Working Groups.
WHOIS command, 342–343
Wide Area Network (WAN), 7, 144, 202, 359, 398, 412, 456
links, 192, 196, 303, 398
protocol, 38
Wildcard filter type, 465
Window management, 293–295
Working Groups (WGs), 31
World Wide Web (WWW / Web), 16–20
browser, 28
capabilities, 24
page, 17, 18
programming, 2
WWW. See World Wide Web.
X
X.25, 7, 49, 52, 180, 234
Xerox documentation, 161
Xerox Network System (XNS), 6, 7, 43, 154, 157, 158, 165, 291
XNS. See Xerox Network System.
Z
Zones, 328, 329, 332


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